多識前言往行，以畜其德
先看圖像，再讀文字。Read the image before the words.
天在山中，大畜
(The trigram representing) a mountain, and that for heaven in the midst of it form Da Xu.
君子以多識前言往行，以畜其德。
The superior man, in accordance with this, stores largely in his memory the words and deeds of former men, to subserve the accumulation of his virtue.
天在山中，大畜之象。君子由此體會：要多識古聖先賢的言論行為，以蓄積自己的德性。
(The trigram representing) a mountain, and that for heaven in the midst of it form Da Xu. The superior man, in accordance with this, stores largely in his memory the words and deeds of former men, to subserve the accumulation of his virtue.
先讀經文，再讀《彖傳》如何解釋卦辭。The received text, then the Tuan commentary on it.
大畜：利貞，不家食，吉，利涉大川。
大畜卦，利於守正。不在家中（私下）吃食而到朝廷做事，吉，利於涉險大事。蓄積之大用是出而為公。
Under the conditions of Da Xu it will be advantageous to be firm and correct. (If its subject do not seek to) enjoy his revenues in his own family (without taking service at court), there will be good fortune. It will be advantageous for him to cross the great stream.
大畜，剛健篤實輝光，日新其德，剛上而尚賢，能止健，大正也。不家食吉，養賢也。利涉大川，應乎天也。
大畜：剛健（乾）篤實而有輝光，日新其德。剛在上（上九）而尚賢，能止住剛健（艮止乾），是大正之道。「不家食吉」是養賢於朝。「利涉大川」是因為應於天。
(The trigrams composing) Da Xu have the attributes of the greatest strength, with substantial solidity, and brightness — characteristics of those whose virtue is daily renewed. The strong line is in the highest place, and indicates the honour given to the men of talents and virtue.
六條線各有一句判斷。閱讀次序初→上；卦象由下而上，看左側的卦。One statement per line, read from the first line to the top. The figure is drawn bottom-up — watch the rail.
有厲，利已。
有險，利於停止。蓄之初不可進。
The first NINE shows its subject in a position of peril. It will be advantageous for him to stop his advance.
有厲利已，不犯災也。
有險而停，是為了不冒災。
輿說輹。
車脫了車輪，主動停下。剛得中位，知止。
The second NINE shows a carriage with the strap under it removed.
輿說輹，中無尤也。
車脫輻條，居中位無尤。
良馬逐，利艱貞。曰閑輿衛，利有攸往。
良馬追逐，利於艱難守正：要熟練於御車與防衛之術，利有所往。
The third NINE shows its subject urging his way with good horses. It will be advantageous for him to realise the difficulty (of his course), and to be firm and correct, exercising himself daily in his charioteering and methods of defence; then there will be advantage in whatever direction he may advance.
利有攸往，上合志也。
利有所往，是與上爻志合。
童牛之牿，元吉。
在小牛角上加木板（防其觸人），大吉。陰柔在尊近之位，能於初而止。
The fourth SIX shows the young bull, (and yet) having the piece of wood over his horns. There will be great good fortune.
六四元吉，有喜也。
六四大吉，有喜慶。
豶豕之牙，吉。
閹割過的豬之牙（去其暴而留其用），吉。柔得尊位，能化解剛猛。
The fifth SIX shows the teeth of a castrated hog. There will be good fortune.
六五之吉，有慶也。
六五之吉，有福慶。
何天之衢，亨。
何等通達天上的大道，亨通。蓄之至成，行於天上之路。
The topmost NINE shows its subject (as if) in possession of the roads of the sky. There will be progress.
何天之衢，道大行也。
通天之衢，是大道得行。
把象套到你的情境，取一個可行的下一步。Apply the image to your situation; take one practical step.
畜·日新·不家食
Accumulation · daily renewal · not eating at home
大畜卦的應用，說的是日新其德，也是多識前言往行。德性是日日更新的，不是一次完成。最高的境界是上九「何天之衢」，蓄積至成，大道自行。最具體的化人之法在六四「童牛之牿」（防於未然）和六五「豶豕之牙」（化烈為馴）。
Da Xu's deepest applications: 'daily renewal' + 'know many words and deeds of the ancients'. Virtue is renewed daily, not completed once. Peak: line 6 'heaven's avenue opens' — once accumulated, the great road runs of itself. Two concrete taming methods: line 4 (prevent before) and line 5 (transform after).
現代人常見的大畜之失：以為「畜」就是囤積資源、知識而不出。卦辭「不家食吉」直擊此病，蓄積必須出來為公，不出則蓄無用。
Modern's deepest failure: thinking 'accumulation' means hoarding resources/knowledge without giving back. The judgment's 'eating not at home is auspicious' hits this — true accumulation must serve the public; hoarded, it's wasted.
王弼以為大畜卦的核心在「能止健」，上艮止下乾，是「以止蓄健」。卦辭「不家食」是說蓄積必須出來為公，不可獨享。讀此卦最該記住「日新其德」四字。
For Wang Bi the core of Da Xu lies in 'being able to halt the vigorous': Gen above stops Qian below, accumulating strength by means of restraint. The Judgment's 'not eating at home' means accumulation must come out to serve the public; it may not be enjoyed alone. The four characters most worth remembering in this hexagram: 'daily renewing one's virtue' (ri xin qi de).
程子強調大象「多識前言往行，以畜其德」，學習古人的言行是蓄德的根本。他認為大畜是「止健」之卦：能止才能蓄，蓄而後能行（上九「何天之衢」）。
Cheng Yi stresses the Great Image's 'know many words and past deeds of the ancients, so as to accumulate one's virtue' — studying the words and conduct of earlier men is the root of storing virtue. He reads Da Xu as the hexagram of 'halting the vigorous': only one who can stop can accumulate, and only after accumulating can one act (the top line's 'thoroughfare of heaven').
朱子直言：大畜者，蓄之大者也。卦中六四「童牛之牿」與六五「豶豕之牙」是兩種「化剛為馴」之法，前者於初而止，後者於成而化。學者觀此知化人化物之道。
Zhu Xi says it plainly: Da Xu is accumulation at its greatest. Line 4's 'headboard on the young ox' and line 5's 'tusks of the gelded boar' are two methods of taming the fierce — the former stops it at the start, the latter transforms it once formed. The student learns from this the way of transforming people and things.
大畜講怎麼積。上艮下乾，以止畜健：跑得動的先按住，按住了纔存得下來。積的路徑，大象說得平實，「多識前言往行，以畜其德」，德是見識餵出來的，前人的言行讀得多了，判斷自然厚。積成之後看兩處。卦辭「不家食，吉」，蓄積大了就不該關起門自用，要出來食於朝、養於公；上九「何天之衢，亨」，積滿之日，路自己開。全卦最高明的一手是六五「豶豕之牙，吉」：豬去了勢，獠牙自然傷不了人。化解剛猛要從根上治，勝過在鋒口上硬擋。
Da Xu is about how to accumulate. Gen above, Qian below — storing strength by stopping it: what can run gets held down first, and only what is held down gets stored. The path of accumulation is stated plainly in the Great Image: 'know many words and past deeds of the ancients, and store up your virtue.' Virtue is fed by exposure — read enough of what earlier people said and did, and your judgment thickens on its own. Once the store is full, watch two places. The Judgment says 'not eating at home — auspicious': when your accumulation is large, don't shut the door and consume it yourself; come out, eat at court, serve the public. The top line says 'the thoroughfare of heaven — success': the day the store is full, the road opens by itself. The finest move in the whole hexagram is line 5, 'the tusks of the gelded boar — auspicious': geld the boar and its tusks can no longer hurt anyone. Defuse fierceness at the root — it beats blocking the blade edge-on.
積蓄、儲存，也帶「養」的意思，如畜養牲口。本卦兩義都在用。
To accumulate, store up; also carries the sense 'to rear, to nourish' (as with livestock) — both are active in this hexagram.
停止、作罷。初九「利已」是說此時利於停下腳步。
To stop, desist.
通「脫」，脫落、卸下。九二「輿說輹」是說車軸的木塊脫落了。
Loan character for 脫 (tuō), 'to remove, detach.'
車軸下固定車廂的木塊，拿掉車子就無法行走。
The wooden block beneath a carriage's axle — remove it and the carriage cannot move.
熟練、練習有素。九三「曰閑輿衛」是說要先練熟駕車與防衛之術。
Practiced, skilled — trained to fluency.
防衛、護衛之事。
Defense, guarding.
綁在小牛角上的橫木，防止牠日後用角傷人。
The wooden board fixed over a young ox's horns to keep it from goring.
閹割過的公豬，凶性從根本上被除去。
A gelded boar — fierceness removed at the root.
四通八達的大路。上九用來比喻蓄積既成、道路自然暢通。
A great open thoroughfare; here, the highway of heaven.
第 25 無妄與第 26 大畜為一對綜卦。先有無妄之純真（不妄動），才能有大畜之積德。妄動者無以積。
Hexagram 25 Wu Wang and Hexagram 26 Da Xu form an inverse pair (zong gua). Only with Wu Wang's innocence (no reckless action) can Da Xu's accumulation of virtue follow. One who moves recklessly has nothing to store.
彖傳「日新其德」四字，道出中國學習思想裡重要的一點：德性是日日更新的，不是一次完成的。後世《大學》「苟日新，日日新，又日新」與此呼應。
The Tuan Zhuan's four characters 'daily renewing one's virtue' state a key idea in Chinese thinking on learning: virtue is renewed day by day, never completed in one stroke. The Great Learning's 'if you can renew yourself one day, do so day after day, and renew yet again' echoes this.
大象此句呼應中國「讀古」的傳統：蓄德之法在於識得古人的言與行，從中提煉見識。後世「以史為鑑」「溫故而知新」與此呼應。
This sentence of the Great Image reflects the Chinese tradition of 'reading the ancients': the method of storing virtue is to know the words and deeds of earlier people and distill insight from them. Later maxims such as 'take history as a mirror' and 'review the old to know the new' answer to it.
卦辭「不家食吉」點出一件事：蓄積的人不應私享其德，應出而為公。後世「達則兼濟天下」與此呼應。
The Judgment's 'not eating at home is auspicious' makes a point: one who accumulates should not enjoy his virtue in private but come out to serve the public. The later ideal 'when successful, benefit all under heaven' echoes this.
「日新其德」四字之意？這如何成為《大學》之根？
What does 日新其德 (ri xin qi de) mean? How is it a root of the Great Learning (Da Xue)?
為何「不家食吉」？蓄積為何要出而為公？
Why is 'not eating at home auspicious'? Why must accumulation serve publicly?
用六五「豶豕之牙」評論一個你見過將烈性化為可用之力的人。
Use line 5 to comment on someone who tamed a fierce force into usable strength.