陽退讓、退守、隱居之卦
先看圖像，再讀文字。Read the image before the words.
天下有山，遯
(The trigrams for) heaven above and a mountain rising up below it form Dun.
君子以遠小人，不惡而嚴。
The superior man, in accordance with this, keeps small men at a distance, not by showing that he hates them, but by his own dignified gravity.
天之下有山，是遯的卦象。君子取法於此，遠離小人時不露出厭惡，只是保持嚴肅。 （天在上緩緩退後，山在下依舊不動，距離拉開卻不起衝突，遠而不惡，正是退避的分寸。）
(The trigrams for) heaven above and a mountain rising up below it form Dun. The superior man, in accordance with this, keeps small men at a distance, not by showing that he hates them, but by his own dignified gravity.
先讀經文，再讀《彖傳》如何解釋卦辭。The received text, then the Tuan commentary on it.
遯：亨，小利貞。
遯，通達，小事守正有利。 二陰從下升起，陽已退讓，但還沒到阻塞。此時退守纔是通達之道，大事不宜躁進，小事仍可守正。
Dun indicates successful progress (in its circumstances). To a small extent it will (still) be advantageous to be firm and correct.
「遯亨」，遯而亨也；剛當位而應，與時行也。「小利貞」，浸而長也。遯之時義大矣哉！
「遯亨」是說退而能通：剛爻居正位又與下相應，能隨時勢而行。「小利貞」是說陰正漸漸浸長上升。遯這個時機的意義，多麼重大啊！
'Dun indicates successful progress:'—that is, in the very retiring which Dun denotes there is such progress. The strong (line) is in the ruling place, (the fifth), and is properly responded to (by the second line). The action takes place according to the requirement of the time. 'To a small extent it will (still) be advantageous to be firm and correct:'—(the small men) are gradually encroaching and advancing. Great indeed is the significance of (what is required to be done in) the time of Dun.
六條線各有一句判斷。閱讀次序初→上；卦象由下而上，看左側的卦。One statement per line, read from the first line to the top. The figure is drawn bottom-up — watch the rail.
遯尾，厲，勿用有攸往。
退在尾巴上，危險，不要有所行動。 初六在退之末端，已經退不動了，此時一動反而更險。
The first SIX, divided, shows a retiring tail. The position is perilous. No movement in any direction should be made.
遯尾之厲，不往何災也。
退之末端雖險，不動就沒有災禍。
'There is the perilousness of the position shown by the retiring tail:'—but if no movement be made, what disaster can there be?
執之用黃牛之革，莫之勝說。
用黃牛皮繩牢牢拴住，沒人能解開。 六二與九五相應，緊緊結合，不可分離。在退的大趨勢裡，仍要守住自己該守的關係。
The second SIX, divided, shows its subject holding (his purpose) fast as if by a (thong made from the) hide of a yellow ox, which cannot be broken.
執用黃牛，固志也。
用黃牛皮拴住，是為了堅固心志。
'He holds it as by (a thong from) the hide of a yellow ox':—his purpose is firm.
係遯，有疾厲，畜臣妾吉。
退而心中有牽掛，危險得像生了病，但用來處理臣僕、家人這類小事仍吉。 退得不夠乾淨，難處就在私情牽絆上。
The third NINE, undivided, shows one retiring but bound,—to his distress and peril. (If he were to deal with his binders as in) nourishing a servant or concubine, it would be fortunate for him.
係遯之厲，有疾憊也；畜臣妾吉，不可大事也。
係遯之危，像患病一樣疲憊。養臣妾雖吉，卻不能拿來做大事。
'The peril connected with the case of one retiring but bound' is due to the (consequent) distress and exhaustion. '(If he were to deal with his binders) as in nourishing a servant or concubine, it would be fortunate for him':—but he could not do great things with such (entanglements).
好遯，君子吉，小人否。
願意退，君子吉，小人做不到。 君子識大局而退，小人捨不得，反而招凶。
The fourth NINE, undivided, shows its subject retiring notwithstanding his likings. In a superior man this will lead to good fortune; a small man cannot attain to this.
君子好遯，小人否也。
君子願意退，小人不願意。
'A superior man retires notwithstanding his likings; a small man cannot attain to this.'
嘉遯，貞吉。
美好地退，守正則吉。 九五是君位之退，退得漂亮，不失體面。
The fifth NINE, undivided, shows its subject retiring in an admirable way. With firm correctness there will be good fortune.
嘉遯貞吉，以正志也。
嘉遯守正而吉，是因為心志端正。
'He retires in an admirable way; through his firm correctness there is good fortune':—this is due to the rectitude of his purpose.
肥遯，无不利。
從容富餘地退，無不利。 上九在卦之終，退得最透徹、最自在。
The topmost NINE, undivided, shows its subject retiring in a noble way. It will be advantageous in every respect.
肥遯无不利，无所疑也。
肥遯無不利，是因為沒有疑慮。
'Retiring in a noble way; in every respect it will be advantageous':—there is nothing to throw doubt on the course.
把象套到你的情境，取一個可行的下一步。Apply the image to your situation; take one practical step.
天在上緩緩退後，山在下不動，距離逐漸拉開，卻沒有衝突。
Heaven above slowly withdrawing, the mountain below unmoving; distance widens, but there is no conflict.
遯與大壯是同一股力量的兩個方向：大壯主進，遯主退。讀遯時一併想到大壯，才知道自己從哪裡來，要退到哪裡去。Dun and Great Strength (hexagram 34) are one force in two directions: Great Strength advances, Dun retreats. Read Dun alongside Great Strength, and you'll know where you came from and where the retreat leads.
遯卦教人怎麼退。先放下一個成見：退不算失敗，卦辭明白寫著「亨」，退本身就通達，要緊的是退得好不好。六爻從「遯尾」到「肥遯」排出一把尺，等級分明，拿來量一量自己此刻退到哪一級，心裡就有數。大象「不惡而嚴」再叮囑一句：遠離某人某事，不必帶著仇視，保持莊嚴的距離就夠了。全卦最忌兩件事：拖到初六的「尾」才想退，或像九四說的小人那樣戀位不退。看到該退的信號，越早動身越好。
Dun teaches how to retreat well. Start by dropping an assumption: retreat isn't failure. The judgment says plainly there is progress; what matters is how well you retreat. The six lines lay out a scale from line 1's 'retreating at the tail' to the top line's 'retreat in ampleness'; measure where you stand on it. The Great Image adds one more note: keeping distance doesn't require hostility, only dignified space. Two failures matter most: waiting until line 1's 'tail' to even think about leaving, or clinging to position like the small man in line 4. Once you see the signal, sooner is better.
把遯讀成「我該拼命留住」就錯了。彖傳直說「遯而亨」，退本身就是通達。九四「君子吉，小人否」說得明白：能退的是君子，戀位不退的是小人。最大的失誤，是拖到初六「遯尾」才想退，那時已經太晚。
Reading Dun as 'I must hold on at all costs' is a mistake. The Tuan says plainly that retreat itself brings progress. Line 4 is explicit: good fortune for the gentleman, none for the small man. Those who can retreat are gentlemen; those who cling are small men. The deepest failure is waiting until line 1's 'retreat from the tail'; by then it is too late.
遯者，退也。陰浸而長，陽當退避。處遯之時，能去身遠害者吉，戀位不去者凶。「不惡而嚴」者，遠之以禮，不形於色。
Dun means 'retreat.' Yin moistens and grows; yang should withdraw and avoid. Dwelling in the time of retreat: those who can move themselves away from harm find good fortune; those who cling to position and refuse to leave find misfortune. Keeping small men at a distance without showing aversion, yet maintaining dignity, means keeping distance through propriety, not letting it show on the face.
二陰生於下，陽長者必須退也。然非畏避，乃所以全也。「小利貞」者，於小者尚可守正而行；於大事則須避其鋒。聖人於遯時能正其退之道，退而不亂，退而保全自身，這就是君子稱賢之處。
Two yin lines emerge from below, and the growing yang must retreat. Yet this is not fear or flight; it is a way of preserving oneself. 'Small advantage in correctness' means one can still proceed correctly in small matters, but in great matters one should avoid the front. The sage in the time of Dun keeps the way of retreat correct: retreating without disorder, retreating while preserving the self. This is what makes the gentleman worthy of the name.
遯，退避也。為卦二陰浸長，陽當退避，故為遯。六月之卦也。陽雖盛而當退，故曰「亨」；不可大有所為，故曰「小利貞」。
Dun means 'retreat and avoid.' As a hexagram, two yin lines moisten and grow, so yang should retreat and avoid; hence Dun. It is the hexagram of the sixth lunar month. Yang, though still abundant, should retreat, so the judgment says 'progress' even in the act of withdrawing; it cannot accomplish great things, so it says only 'small advantage in correctness.'
遯排在六月，大暑前後：二陰從下面生上來，四陽還占著上位，勢頭卻已經轉了。卦辭直接給「亨」，退這件事本身就通，要緊的全在退的成色。六爻正好排成一張成色表：最差是初六「遯尾」，拖到隊尾纔被動地退，險；九三「係遯」，牽腸掛肚地退，帶著病氣。往上一級級鬆開，九四「好遯」，君子割捨得下，小人做不到；九五「嘉遯」退得漂亮；到上九「肥遯」，人徹底鬆開，寬綽自在，一絲疑滯都沒有。讀遯就對著這張表，問自己此刻站在哪一格。 大象「君子以遠小人，不惡而嚴」講退時的姿態：拉開距離，臉上不掛厭惡，分寸自在莊重裡。陶淵明歸田、明末遺民閉門著書，走的都是這條路。
Dun sits at the sixth lunar month, around Great Heat: two yin lines rising from below, four yang still holding the upper places, but the tide has turned. The judgment grants 'progress' outright; withdrawal is itself a way through, and everything hangs on the quality of the retreat. The six lines form a grading scale. Worst is line 1, 'retreating at the tail,' dragged out last and exposed; line 3, 'retreat while bound,' leaves with entanglements and a strain like sickness. From there the grip loosens: line 4's willing retreat the gentleman manages and the small man cannot; line 5 retreats admirably; by the top line, 'retreat in ampleness,' the letting-go is complete, roomy, without a trace of hesitation. To read Dun is to stand before this scale and ask which rung you are on. The Great Image says the gentleman keeps small men at a distance 'not with hatred but with dignity,' describing the posture of the season: open the distance without wearing contempt on your face. Tao Yuanming returning to his fields, the late-Ming loyalists writing behind closed doors: they walked this same road.
退避、隱藏。字形是走之旁加「豚」（小豬），像小豬跑開的樣子，取有序退避之象，不是倉皇逃命。
Retreat, flee, withdraw, hide. Same character as 遁. The image of orderly stepping back rather than panicked flight.
尾巴、末端。初六「遯尾」是說退在隊伍最後面，已經沒有退路，所以危險。
Tail, end. Line 1's '遯尾' = retreating from the rear, dangerous because there's nowhere left to retreat to.
黃牛皮革，古時取其最堅韌。「執之用黃牛之革」比喻用最牢固的東西拴住，無法解開。
Yellow ox. The hide of a yellow ox = the strongest leather, in classical metaphor. '黃牛之革' = an unbreakable bond.
牽繫、拖累。九三「係遯」是說該退卻被私情絆住，退得不乾脆。
To bind, tie, attach. Line 3's phrase 'retreating but bound' describes retreat that is right in principle but held back by personal attachments.
美好、值得稱許。九五「嘉遯」是說退得漂亮、有節度，因此吉。
Admirable, beautiful, exemplary. Line 5's '嘉遯' = a retreat done with grace; preserving dignity in withdrawal.
寬裕、從容，不是肥胖的意思。上九「肥遯」是說退得寬綽自在，毫無牽掛。
Plump, abundant. Line 6's '肥遯' means not 'fat retreat' but retreating amply and abundantly, with full resources, no doubt, no regret.
遯對應六月（未月，大暑前後）。從一陰的姤，到二陰的遯，再到三陰的否，是陽氣開始後退的階段。遯在這個序列裡，是陽勢已經反轉、但還沒完全消退的位置。
Dun corresponds to the 6th lunar month (Great Heat, around late July). From one-yin Gou (44) → two-yin Dun → three-yin Pi (12) is the early phase of yang's withdrawal. Dun in this sequence is where momentum has reversed but not yet fully lost.
遯與第三十四卦大壯上下顛倒，互為綜卦。大壯是四陽從下往上強盛而行，遯是同樣四陽退到上方，準備隱退。同一個力量結構，一進一退，讀遯時該一併想到大壯，才看得清「強」與「退」原是同一條線上的兩個方向。
Dun and Great Strength (hexagram 34) are inverse hexagrams, each the other read upside down. Great Strength shows four yang lines rising from below in full strength; Dun shows the same four yang lines, now retreated above and withdrawing. It is one force-structure in two states, advance and retreat. Reading Dun should always mean reading Great Strength alongside it, so that strength and retreat show up as two directions on the same line.
大象「君子以遠小人，不惡而嚴」一語，是中國隱士、遺民與退隱文化裡的經典引文。從莊子《逍遙遊》，到陶淵明、嵇康、王維的半官半隱，到明末王夫之、顧炎武、黃宗羲退居著述，再到近代王國維自沉、陳寅恪隱居嶺南，說的都是同一種不惡而嚴的分寸。讀遯，就是走進這條文化脈絡。
The Great Image's phrase 'distancing without aversion, yet with dignity' is a classic reference point in the Chinese tradition of hermits, dynastic loyalists, and scholarly withdrawal. It runs from Zhuangzi's 'Free and Easy Wandering,' through Tao Yuanming, Ji Kang, and Wang Wei's half-official, half-hermit life, to the withdrawn writings of late-Ming loyalists Wang Fuzhi, Gu Yanwu, and Huang Zongxi, and on to Wang Guowei's suicide and Chen Yinke's retreat to the south in modern times. All of it comes down to the same sense of proportion: distance without aversion, dignity without hostility. Reading Dun means entering this cultural lineage.
彖傳結尾「遯之時義大矣哉」，是歷來注家常提起的一組讚語。全書用「時」字特別稱贊的共有十二卦，其中用「時義」二字的只有豫、隨、姤、旅、遯五卦。這五卦的共通點，是掌握時機比行動本身更要緊。遯列名其中，可見退避的時機在《易經》裡的份量。
The Tuan Zhuan's closing line, 'great indeed is the significance of Dun's timing,' belongs to a set of remarks commentators have long tallied: across the whole book, twelve hexagrams receive special praise for their 'timing.' Of those, only five use the specific phrase 'the significance of the timing': Enthusiasm (16), Following (17), Gou (44), Lü (56), and Dun (33). What these five share is that grasping the moment matters more than the action itself. Dun's place among them shows how much weight the Yijing gives to the timing of retreat.
你此刻的一個該退而沒退的情境在哪？是在哪一爻？
Where in your life is something due to be let go but hasn't been? Which line are you on?
辨認：遯、尾、繫、係、嘉、肥。
Identify: 遯 (dùn), 尾 (wěi), 繫 (xì), 係 (xì), 嘉 (jiā), 肥 (féi).
「不惡而嚴」如何與「拒絕 / 排斥」區別？
How does 'keeping distance without aversion yet with dignity' differ from rejection or hostility?